Environmental conditions may result in different fractions of carbonate (CO₃⁻²) versus bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). This fractionation impacts the total uptake of atmospheric CO₂. Overall CO₂ uptake efficiency can be estimated using seawater chemistry modeling software and the equation presented in
Renforth & Henderson (2017). These estimates could also be validated by measurements of bicarbonate concentrations or total alkalinity in the water column. The conversion of alkalinity to CO₂ removal is estimated to be 70-95% on a mol to mol basis.